Instructions Your final historical research paper should include an introduction with a clea

Instructions

Your final historical research paper should include an introduction with a clear thesis statement, at least five paragraphs (probably more) that address topics that support your claims, and a strong conclusion that summarizes your argument. Attach your final bibliography (not annotated) at the end and include a cover page (in all formats) with your name, date, and the title of the paper. The title should be more than the topic and should give the reader a sense of what the paper is about. Some examples:
- Paul Revere: Statesman and Craftsman
- The Salem Witch Trials: Fear and Superstition on the Frontier
- The Frontier: A Meeting of Cultures and Ambitions
Make sure each paragraph contains at least one quote or other supporting evidence from your research, and that you use all your sources – primary and secondary (including the scholarly journal article). Primary sources do provide the best evidence, and a variety of sources provide event better evidence than a reliance on one or two sources. Always extrapolate quotations. Follow quotes with your own analysis or comments and explain how that evidence supports your argument.
Quotations should be no more than two or three lines long. People tend to skip over longer quotes. All quotes must be cited as appropriate for the format you have selected – in-text citations for APA and MLA, or Notes for Chicago Style. Remember quotations also require a page number if available in all the formats. Even though quotations are important as support, the majority of your paper (roughly 85%) should by your own words of analysis.
You may use illustrations or photographs as sources, but these should not be included in the body of the paper. If you decide that you must include these images, they should be attached as appendices and those pages do not count toward your page length or word count.
The body of your paper should be 5 – 7 pages in length, double spaced, not including the cover page, or the bibliography. This is roughly 1250 – 1750 words.
Incorporate feedback provided by your instructor and peers on your rough draft, thesis statement and outline, bibliography, and research topic proposal. This is all important, and while you are not required to incorporate every bit of feedback provided to you, you need to consider it all and make a conscious determination as to whether to follow the advice or not. Don’t just consider grammatical and mechanic feedback, which are lower order revisions. Incorporate higher order revisions such as idea development and content suggestions as well.

(ATTACHED IS FILES FROM PREVIOUS GRADED ASSIGNMENTS WITH FEEDBACK FROM THE TEACHER – **MUST BE REVIEWED, LOOKED AT, AND FOLLOWED)

Women in the Civil War: Impact of Civil War on the Role of Women in Society

Fiki Ramic

Professor Krutsinger

HIS121

04/19/2021

Introduction Comment by Krutsinger, Cynthia (CCCS): Do not use subheadings in a paper that is this short in length.

Throughout the history of the world, women play a key role in maintaining social stability. They lead in both short-term and long-term developments of different nations. Besides, as Culpepper (1991) observed, women, performed and still perform diligently in spearheading growth in agriculture and trade, curbing poverty in developing nations. Women proceed to make important decisions in the family, e.g., diet, preserving good health in children, keeping homes cleans, and taking good care of their husbands submissively. The role played by women before, during, and after civil wars just improved but never changed. Modern women are not only caretakers of their homes, but they also attend school, therefore, improving their status and raising the living standards of both men and children. The ability of women to participate in the informal sector of work in the early days shaped them a great deal in advancing the innovative ways of improving gender equity and equality through empowering women. Women's involvement during the civil war in helping the soldiers on the battlefield by offering emotional, physical support exposed their strengths in handling issues without being undermined (Silber, 1993). Comment by Krutsinger, Cynthia (CCCS): You need to place this in time and space. You have been speaking about civil wars in general throughout the introduction, so you need this to concretely relate to the US Civil War and the period of time in which that occurred. Comment by Krutsinger, Cynthia (CCCS): PN Comment by Krutsinger, Cynthia (CCCS): Don’t cite your thesis. If you need to cite your thesis then it isn’t your own idea or argument and you should probably look at revising it.

Women might not be in the same position as men in terms of opportunities, but the historic, current, and future role of women in society is not disputable. Women can now hold positions in leadership. According to Lincoln (2012), by participating in voluntary work, they offer psycho-social support, educate society on nutrition and health education, provide girls with scholarships, and ensure girls' bathrooms are included during school construction. Women in the early days could not participate in any decision-making at any level. Women were practically reduced to silence, but nowadays, they can comfortably express their opinions on peacebuilding, preventing conflict, and mitigation freely. The civil war began the process of change from a culture that undermined women into a culture that holds the values, rights and dignities of women, and believes in their crucial role in economic and social development. The purpose of this paper is to determine how the civil war influenced change in the role of women in the society. Comment by Krutsinger, Cynthia (CCCS): Are you talking about today or during the Civil War? If you are writing about history, use past tense. Comment by Krutsinger, Cynthia (CCCS): What does this have to do with the US Civil War? Comment by Krutsinger, Cynthia (CCCS): PN Comment by Krutsinger, Cynthia (CCCS): In a historical paper, do not state “the purpose of”. Instead, you need to make a concrete argument – The Civil War influenced changes in the role of women in US society as seen by x, y, and z.

Role of Women Before the Civil War

Before the Civil War, they engaged most women in basic home chores. They Women were expected to prepare meals, clean, and work as caregivers to make their home suitable for the family and visiting guests. During the nineteenth century, most Americans hypothesized that a regular order in society positioned men and women in totally different spheres and thus distinctive women roles in society. The ideal woman in society was required to be submissive, humble, obedient, and a loving wife who was wholly submissive to the men around her (Cook, 2017). However, before the civil war, they did not recognize women's rights. Women also never took part in making important decisions that could impact themselves, their families, and society as a whole, including decisions on their reproductive health. As a result, there was a struggle for women's rights with a focused edge in achieving gender equality. Various women stood out for what they believed in: equality rights for women to achieve women's rights and attain equality in the division of labor during the agricultural and industrial revolution. Comment by Krutsinger, Cynthia (CCCS): PN

Role of Women During the Civil War

During the outbreak of the war, women continued partially with the primary roles they carried out before the civil war, while some women volunteered to take an active role in the war. The women who volunteered in the civil war left their homes and served in various capacities, such as nurses where they flocked in hospitals that received the wounded soldiers and offered their services. It significantly changed the history in the role of women in society as most nurses were initially men but during the civil war. Women were incorporated and thus forged that path for later women. Other women during the civil war went to the camps to take care of their loved ones and nurse their husbands, while some women provided laundry services to the soldiers in the camps. Comment by Krutsinger, Cynthia (CCCS): PN

On the other hand, some women joined the male soldiers, picked up guns, and went to the battlefield to fight against the enemies. On the battlefield, women could cut off their hair, put on male soldier clothing, and passed off as men to hide their identity and fight the enemy back the enemy (Goodman, 2009). Female soldiers on the battlefield also provided intelligence to their fellow male soldiers, where they served as spies and passed essential and secretive information that they gathered from their enemies. Nevertheless, during the civil war, some women lost their husbands in the fight against the enemies. As a result, they took up the responsibility of men in their families by becoming the sole providers and enhanced family safety. At the end of the civil war, women actively took over businesses, became professional nurses, and run their family farms while their women joined other men in the civil war. Other women joined garment-making industries where they sewed uniforms for the soldiers engaged in the civil war and their families. The change was a huge step forward towards women's independence, their rights, and achieving gender equality which they had been struggling with before the civil war. Positive change in the role of women facilitated abolition of the Victorian's view on the role women played in the war and the society as a whole. Comment by Krutsinger, Cynthia (CCCS): PN – I stopped marking these here, but you need to apply this change throughout.

Impact of Civil War on Women and Culture

The aftermaths of the civil war were marked by the widespread transformation of the people's culture, which defined men and women in society. Although the women went back to their homes and into their usual household activities, it was evident they had learned a new lesson (Goodman, 2009). Women had realized that they could do almost as much as their male counterparts could do. They knew that society was imposing on them limitations which they needed to defeat and begin a new chapter of their lives. They began efforts to liberate themselves from that holding and transform their lives.

Men also realized the need to change their perspective on women. Their experience of women in the war field made them realize that women had the ability to do things they were previously weak at and had the will to help build their empires, the economy, and their households. The realization loosened the yoke of restriction and bias that existed earlier. The war also claimed the lives of many men, leaving their wives widowed, and they had to earn income for their families (Cook, 2017). After the civil war, many women went into active business, such as selling butter and sewing, while others accepted their odd jobs. The transformation continued with women joining the security teams in the country, and in 1994, women were allowed to serve in all positions in law enforcement and defense, except roles involving ground combat. Most Western armies began letting women serve in the military as early as the 1970s. Some countries such as Norway appreciated the place and role of women to draft and conscript women on similar terms to those of men (Vik and Buhaug, 2021). The revolution that started with the civil war has led to great changes in gender rights and roles in society.

Conclusion

The civil war was a turning point to women's rights and society's view of gender-based responsibilities. Before the war, women were mostly housewives demonstrating submission to their husbands. Their job was to show respect, love, and obedience while taking care of the children and husband. The war provided women with an chance to participate in activities outside the home and explore their potential. Society embraced the changes gradually until a point where they could be involved in the military. After the civil war, many women went into active business, such as selling butter and sewing, while others accepted their odd jobs. The transformation continued with women joining the security teams in the country, and in 1994, women were allowed to serve in all positions in law enforcement and defense, except roles involving ground combat. The transformation continued with women joining the security teams in the country. The revolution that started with the civil war has led to great changes in gender rights and roles in the society.

References

Cook, R. J. (2017). Civil War Memories: contesting the past in the United States since 1865. JHU Press. Comment by Krutsinger, Cynthia (CCCS): See previous feedback on format and sources.

Culpepper, M. (1991). Trials and Triumphs: The Women of the American Civil War. Michigan State University Press. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.14321/j.ctt9qf4zp.

Goodman, R. (2009). Expanding the Role of Women as Nurses during the American Civil War Advances in nursing science, 32(1), 33-34.

Lincoln, M. (2012). Women in the Civil War: Information and Articles about Women in the American Civil War.

Silber, N. (1993). A Woman’s War: Gender and Civil War Studies. OAH Magazine of History.

Vik, B. and Buhaug, H. (2021). Civil War and Female Empowerment. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 65(5), 982-1009.

While this is quite a good paper in general, Fiki, it isn’t well focused on history and most importantly you are missing primary sources. You do need at least two of these for your final paper. The inclusion of primary source evidence to support your arguments would make this a much stronger argument as well. Right now it is quite a surface treatment and doesn’t really prove what you intend. I would recommend finding examples of women whose roles changed for the better and using their words to show this.

Ramic 6

US Women in the Civil War

Fiki Ramic

Professor Krutsinger

HIS121

04/15/2021

Lincoln, M. (2012). Women in the Civil War: Information and Articles About Women in the American Civil War. Comment by Krutsinger, Cynthia (CCCS): Electronic information? I cannot tell what source this is to help evaluate it because the information is incomplete.

The article looks at the lives of women in America before the civil war and details the transformation that occurred after the war. Initially, women were neglected and could be treated as inferior to men in society. The civil war marked a transformational boundary between the old society and a new system where women could contribute to economic and other social affairs. The article analyzes several women's activities during the civil war who played significant roles on the battlefield. The author follows the history of how women moved from home-based activities to beginning supplying food, clothing, and other items to fighting troops. The article suggests that women were inspired by Florence Nightingale's works in professional nursing, which she did during the Crimean War. The women joined the troops on the battlefield, where they worked as nurses. The source reveals the role of women in society as realized through the experience in the civil war. The article will help describe the role of war in the transformation of society. Comment by Krutsinger, Cynthia (CCCS): Capitalize proper nouns (PN) Comment by Krutsinger, Cynthia (CCCS): PN Comment by Krutsinger, Cynthia (CCCS): PN – I didn’t mark the rest, but you need to apply this to all proper nouns.

Silber, N. (1993). A Woman’s War: Gender and Civil War Studies. OAH Magazine of History. Comment by Krutsinger, Cynthia (CCCS): Electronic information? I have including the correct full APA citation below. I am assuming you are trying to use APA based on the abbreviation of author names and the placement of the date, but you may also use MLA or CMS.

Silber, N. (1993, Fall). "A Woman's War:" Gender and Civil War Studies. OAH Magazine of History, 8(1), pp. 11 – 13. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25162919.

The article describes the effects of the civil war on women's lives and the involvement of women in active battles as warriors. The author looks at the civil war as a "women's war," demonstrating that women played a crucial role in the battle, and as opposed to societal expectation, women fought as well as men do. “The civil war inevitably tested the boundaries of female behavior, forcing women of both sections into new and unsettling circumstances.” Women went beyond the usual role defined by society, i.e., sewing uniforms and flags, writing encouraging letters, and taking care of the homes. The civil war is seen as the beginning of a new standard where women were considered capable of moving from household shores to participating in the military. The article concludes that women participated in the war more than any other time before and caused the realization of the power of women. The paper article will contribute to my study by demonstrating the ability of women to participate in the social and economic affairs of the household duties. Comment by Krutsinger, Cynthia (CCCS): Missing citation. Also check your source. You must quote it exactly including capitalization, etc.

Vik, B. and Buhaug, H. (2021). Civil War and Female Empowerment. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 65(5), 982-1009. Comment by Krutsinger, Cynthia (CCCS): This source is not relevant to your topic which is Women during the US Civil War. Instead, this focuses on civil wars, primarily in Africa, in the present day.

The article focuses its attention on the transformative power of war on women and specifically female empowerment. The role women played in the civil war is a demonstration of what they are capable of doing for society. The study focuses on the severity of the conflict and the termination of the war, and their contribution to women empowerment. The author revisits the American civil war for a review of how women became involved as nurses and a few as warriors and the impact that had on women's empowerment. Also, the article looks at the changes that occurred in society with regard to gender roles and responsibilities. The author concludes that armed conflict can be an essential tool in creating a window of opportunity that advances females’ role in society. In addition, the model of conflict resolution and the level of violence have major effects on female empowerment. “We expect that both levels of violence and mode of resolution affect subsequent female empowerment, where severe conflicts ending by a negotiated settlement have the greatest transformative potential.” The author recommends sustained efforts in addressing gender issues both in conflict and post-conflict.

Culpepper, M. (1991). Trials and Triumphs: The Women of the American Civil War. Michigan State University Press. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.14321/j.ctt9qf4zp. Comment by Krutsinger, Cynthia (CCCS): This is fine as long as you can access the actual source.

The source discusses women’s role in the American civil war and the gender divide that existed between males and females. The author addresses the subject by looking at other historians' contributions and their conclusion on women's experiences in the war. For four years, women were in the process of reshaping their identity and restructuring their responsibility in society. Earlier historians described women before the civil war as primitive and reserved, working only on household shores. The civil war challenged women to actively engage in activities that were earlier reserved for men. The author argues that women were significantly affected by the civil war, whether they remained at home or joined men on the battlefield to work as nurses and hospital matrons. Also, previous historical literature reveals that women became open to the idea that they could participate in war and the military. The source will help my research by showing the transformative power of wars on gender-based cultures.

GoodmanLesniak, R.G. (Jan – Mar 20098). Expanding the Role of Women as Nurses during the American Civil War. ANS. Advances in nursing science, 32(1), 33-34. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ANS.0000346285.14483.74

This article focuses on social history methods that look at the various roles carried out by females during the Civil War. Primary document articles such as diaries and letters captured moments in time when people began accepting the extension of females’ behavior due to the influence of Civil war. The role included women's engagement in nursing, where they confirmed their potential to endure outrageous conditions with a goal of caring for the injured and ill fighters during the civil war. The argument was contrary to Victorian notions, which argued that women role in society was to be a mother, household keeper, a moral purity guardian of all who lived therein, and the Victorian homes which were to be places of comfort, quiet and protected from the harsh conditions of the economic world. The article purposed to describe a short period where the people began accepting the role expansion for women with a competitive edge in nursing as a result of demands during the American Civil War.

Fiki, you have a good start here, but you are missing primary sources and you are required to have two of these. I did recommend a website where you can start looking for these on your research topic proposal.

References

Culpepper, M. (1991). Trials and Triumphs: The Women of the American Civil War. Michigan State University Press. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.14321/j.ctt9qf4zp.

Goodman, R. (2009). Expanding the Role of Women as Nurses during the American Civil War Advances in nursing science, 32(1), 33-34.

Lincoln, M. (2012). Women in the Civil War: Information and Articles About Women in the American Civil War.

Silber, N. (1993). A Woman’s War: Gender and Civil War Studies. OAH Magazine of History.

Vik, B. and Buhaug, H. (2021). Civil War and Female Empowerment. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 65(5), 982-1009.

Ramic 2

US History to the Civil War

Fiki Ramic

Professor Krutsinger

HIS121

03/29/2021

The Contribution of Women in the Civil War

My topic will be the role of women in the US civil war. Although men are known to be in the frontline in times of war, women were highly involved in the US civil war, whether directly or indirectly. The topic seeks to address issues of women's involvement in times of war, including their direct roles and the effect of the war on them. Comment by Krutsinger, Cynthia (CCCS): Capitalize all words of a proper noun (PN) Comment by Krutsinger, Cynthia (CCCS): PN

Sources I Might Find and Where

The information about women in the civil war can be found in historical publications and other accredited historical materials in the national and institutional libraries. National libraries are endowed with historical materials, especially in the archives section, where most historical books, articles, and artifacts are preserved. Besides the materials in the archives, other books, journals, and publications contain historical data and information about such events. The information will also be obtained from diaries and letters such as the American South's manuscripts and the American South's first-person narratives. Newspapers such as the Brooklyn Daily Eagle, the Harper's Weekly, and Chronicling America will also be used as sources of information about women and the civil war. Other sources such as e-libraries and books, articles and journals on the internet will also provide information on the topic. Comment by Krutsinger, Cynthia (CCCS): PN Comment by Krutsinger, Cynthia (CCCS): Italicize newspaper titles.

Apart from written materials, information on the topic will be sourced from historians and other people who may have interacted with the history of civil war (Choperena, 2021). Such people can be interviewed and would give crucial information about the subject. Stories of such major events are usually handed down the generations, especially in the affected areas. Therefore, data and information will be sourced from elderly members of the communities who live in the areas that were most affected.

Arguments I Might be Able to Make

Women, just like men, can make a significant contribution to the struggle for freedom. Although society normally subordinates them, women are not inferior. They are strong, organized, and creative, looking at how they strategized and executed their strategy during the civil war (Krakowski, 2020). Besides, women can contribute to the world outside the home as they would at home. Women are resilient and have the power to change traditions and cultures that usually hold them back. In the civil war, women pushed for permission to be involved in the front line by supplying food and other items to the troops and getting involved with the soldiers in the field as they took care of their welfare. Their relentless effort yielded, and they were allowed through the creation of the US Sanitary Commission.

Anticipated Challenges

Access to data and information may be difficult as it will require obtaining permission from various institutions to access their libraries. Most of the people who were directly involved in the civil war are no longer alive. They would be the most appropriate to source primary information about the civil war. Obtaining accurate, firsthand information might therefore be difficult.

References

Choperena, A. (2021). Triumphal narratives in the American Civil War: A new nursing professional identity. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 77(3), 1422-1431. Comment by Krutsinger, Cynthia (CCCS): You need the electronic information (permalink) and don’t forget to italicize journal titles.

Krakowski, K. (2020). Pulled together or torn asunder? Community cohesion after symmetric and asymmetric civil war. Journal of conflict resolution, 64(7-8), 1470-1498.

Fiki, in general this is a really good topic. You are going to need to narrow it down a bit though. Some ways you might do this is to focus on either women in the North or the South or to focus on one role that women held in the war – for example as nurses. While you are correct in your discussion of things like interviews as sources, you are going to be better off focusing on written sources for this – both in terms of time to complete the project and in terms of a paper that’s only 5 – 7 pages double spaced. Here’s just one location you might start with while looking for sources: https://cnu.libguides.com/psuscivilwar/women.

Name: Fiki Ramic

Class: HIS121

Date: 04/26/2021

P/S Worksheet

Evaluative questions	Primary Source Title	Secondary Source title
	Ain't I a Woman?	A Vindication of the Rights of Women’ by Mary Wollstonecraft, and ‘Ain’t I a Woman?’ By Sojourner Truth Comment by Krutsinger, Cynthia (CCCS): You cannot use this source as it is the work of a student and not a secondary source.
Who was the author? (Not the editor or the translator)	Sojourner Truth	Mattia Ventre
Who is the audience? Be Specific. This is never ALL people.	Children of African-American origin Comment by Krutsinger, Cynthia (CCCS): Is this the only audience? Consider who she was delivering the speech to.	US history curriculum developers and historians
What type of document is it? (*More than a primary or secondary source. i.e. autobiography, letter, law, etc.)	The document is a speech	The document is a proposal letter
What is the subject or author’s thesis?	Women have the ability to take care of themselves without necessarily depending on men’s assistance. Comment by Krutsinger, Cynthia (CCCS): Interesting. I’m not sure this was her thesis, though she did touch upon it.	The source “Ain’t I a woman" is a crucial historical source that can teach history in school.
What was the author’s motive for writing the source?	To convince the children and the white Americans that women can live independently and hence, there is a need to give them an opportunity to do what they can. Comment by Krutsinger, Cynthia (CCCS): I’m not sure this is true. She is arguing for the rights of women but she is also arguing for the rights of black people.	To describe the potential in the source “Ain’t I a woman" at transforming the historical study of gender-based issues.
Does the author have an obvious bias? (*Note that all authors have biases, but not all are obvious.) What is the bias?	The author has an obvious bias against white Americans. She assumes they are the most perpetrators of the undermining of women in their intellect.	The author has no obvious bias.
Where was the document written? How does this influence what is written?	The speech was written and presented in Akron, Ohio, where racial differences between white and black Americans influenced gender roles and rights.	Written in America where racial differences were scaling up. The author has a personal experience of what people go through in fighting for equality.

Bibliography:

Truth, S. (1852). Ain’t I a Woman? Women’s Convention. Modern History Sourcebook.

Ventre, M. (2017). ‘A vindication of the rights of women’ by Mary Wollstonecraft, and ‘ain’t i a woman?’ by Sojourner Truth.

When was the document written?	1851	2017
What was the effect of the source on history?	The speech offers us a historical image of what was happening in terms of gender roles and biases against women, particularly blacks.	The proposal draws a reminder of the deconstructions of womanhood and the racism that existed against women.
What was the historical context of the document? What was going on at the time that might have influenced the author’s opinions? How did the source affect your view of the topic or event, if a secondary source?	The document was written at a time when America was undergoing campaigns for gender equality and the rights of women. Besides, the bias against women was further fueled by racial discrimination promoted by the whites. Comment by Krutsinger, Cynthia (CCCS): This is a good start, but you need a more specific historical context. What was actually going on at the time – events, etc.	Courses offered on historical issues regarding women and their roles were alone insufficient to describe the order of those historical events. Besides, there were issues of gender inequality facing many countries and hence the need for a historical consideration of the subject. The source helped me appreciate the tie between racism and gender inequality.
Why was the document written? (*You may have to infer this by reading between the lines or doing further research.)	The document was written to raise women’s voices about their rights and abilities. Women felt they needed to be set free from the belittling attitude of the men, particularly the white men, and ensure the old culture is done away with.	The document was written to promote texts such as Truth's speech in studying history to increase the scope of coverage and understand the origins of contemporary issues.
Is the document credible? Why or why not? (*See how to determine reliability or credibility in the “Credibility” subheading on page 5.9 Primary and Secondary Source Analysis of the e-text)	The document is credible since the author had a right and responsibility to write, being one of the voices that stood up for women's rights. Comment by Krutsinger, Cynthia (CCCS): Based on the criteria provided?	The document is credible since it addresses a theme that is crucial in contemporary society.

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